Three companies met our criteria from the four 10-K annual reports filed with the SEC on 5 August 2026. To qualify, a company must have filed an annual 10-K report on the target date and have a prior-year 10-K available for a direct year-over-year comparison. A prior-year filing was not available for FedEx Freight Holding Company, Inc., so it is excluded from the ranking.
SEC What Changed Methodology
Each company is scored on how similar its current annual filing text is to the prior year. Scores run from 0 to 1 — a score of 1 means the language is essentially unchanged; a lower score means more has changed. We flag three sections that carry the most disclosure signal: Business, Risk Factors, and MD&A. Recent research suggests that lower scores indicate that a company has made significant changes to their filings, these changes are often buried in the filings. If a company was to report positive news, they would likely do so in the form of a press release or statement on their website. The large changers have often underperformed in the market, while the stable-language filers have earned positive abnormal returns.
Key Takeaways
- Paylocity Holding Corp (Medium) — Paylocity Holding Corp shows meaningful language change in its Business section — review the SEC filing directly for context.
- AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING INC (Medium) — ADP is telling investors that AI is now a core part of its growth story and competitive moat, not a side initiative.
- Stride, Inc. (Medium) — Stride is returning more cash to shareholders, but the new buyback and tax disclosures mean investors should watch whether capital returns start to pressure taxes or liquidity.
Ranking Table
| Rank | Company | CIK | Full Filing Similarity | Business Similarity | Risk Factors Similarity | MD&A Similarity | Most Changed Section | Assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Paylocity Holding Corp | 1591698 | 0.956 | 0.992 | 0.998 | 0.998 | Business | medium |
| 2 | AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING INC | 8670 | 0.962 | 0.994 | 0.99 | 0.999 | Risk Factors | medium |
| 3 | Stride, Inc. | 1157408 | 0.989 | 1 | 0.999 | 0.999 | Risk Factors | medium |
Paylocity Holding Corp
| Rank | 1 |
|---|---|
| Lowest similarity section | Business |
| Assessment | medium |
| SEC filings | 2026 10-K HTML/iXBRL (SEC page, raw text) | 2025 10-K HTML/iXBRL (SEC page, raw text) |
Paylocity Holding Corp’s Business section shows the most significant language shift compared with the prior-year 10-K. Current filing dated 2026-08-05; prior-year filing dated 2025-08-06.
Main Changes
- Business contained the most changed language versus the prior-year filing. Review the SEC filing directly for the specific wording differences.
- Risk Factors contained the most changed language versus the prior-year filing. Review the SEC filing directly for the specific wording differences.
- MD&A contained the most changed language versus the prior-year filing. Review the SEC filing directly for the specific wording differences.
Watch Items
- The Business section shows the largest shift — read it alongside the prior-year filing to identify what was added, removed, or reworded.
Important Filing Changes
Overview We are a leading cloud-based provider of human capital management, or HCM, payroll and spend management software solutions that deliver a comprehensive platform for the modern workforce. Our platform offers an intuitive, easy-to-use product suite that helps businesses streamline and automate HR, payroll and spend management processes, attract and retain talent, and build culture and connection with their employees.
Overview We are a leading cloud-based provider of human capital management (“HCM”), finance and IT software solutions. Our unified, easy-to-use platform helps businesses streamline HR, finance, and IT operations, manage spend and talent, and build culture and connection with artificial intelligence (“AI”) embedded directly into everyday workflows to save time, reduce manual effort, and support better decision-making.
Overview We are a leading cloud-based provider of human capital management, or HCM, payroll and spend management software solutions that deliver a comprehensive platform for the modern workforce. Our platform offers an intuitive, easy-to-use product suite that helps businesses streamline and automate HR, payroll and spend management processes, attract and retain talent, and build culture and connection with their employees. Excluding clients acquired through acquisitions, as of June 30, 2025, we provided our software-as-a-service, or SaaS, solutions to approximately 41,650 clients across the U.S., which on average had over 150 employees.
Overview We are a leading cloud-based provider of human capital management (“HCM”), finance and IT software solutions. Our unified, easy-to-use platform helps businesses streamline HR, finance, and IT operations, manage spend and talent, and build culture and connection with artificial intelligence (“AI”) embedded directly into everyday workflows to save time, reduce manual effort, and support better decision-making. Excluding clients acquired through acquisitions, as of June 30, 2026, we provided our software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) solutions to approximately 44,400 clients across the U.S., which on average had over 150 employees.
New technologies that involve AI or machine learning or that are created using AI or machine learning may emerge that are able to deliver solutions at lower prices, more efficiently or more conveniently than our solutions, which could adversely impact our ability to compete. Additionally, if new technologies used in our products fail to operate as expected, our business may be negatively impacted. For example, the non-deterministic nature of generative AI outputs may compromise the reliability of our products which may lead to customer dissatisfaction and damage to our reputation.
New technologies that involve AI or machine learning or that are created using AI or machine learning may emerge that are able to deliver solutions at lower prices, more efficiently or more conveniently than our solutions, which could adversely impact our ability to compete. Additionally, if new technologies used in our products fail to operate as expected, or if products utilizing generative AI are trained on inaccurate, biased or misleading data or generate unreliable outputs, the reliability, transparency, or accuracy of our products could be impacted, which may result in customer dissatisfaction, reputational harm or litigation. Our success depends in substantial part on our continuing ability to provide products and services that organizations will find superior to our competitors’ offerings and will continue to use.
AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING INC
| Rank | 2 |
|---|---|
| Lowest similarity section | Risk Factors |
| Assessment | medium |
| SEC filings | 2026 10-K HTML/iXBRL (SEC page, raw text) | 2025 10-K HTML/iXBRL (SEC page, raw text) |
ADP’s business section now leans much more heavily into AI, describing the company as an AI-enabled HCM partner and saying it is embedding AI into core payroll and HR workflows. It also highlights wider rollout of ADP Assist and AI agents across nearly all clients, signaling that management sees AI as central to product differentiation and growth. The rest of the update is mostly a refreshed strategic narrative rather than a major change in business model.
Main Changes
- The company rewrote its business description to say it is now the "trusted, service-driven, and AI-enabled partner for HCM," versus last year’s broader framing as a global leader in HR and payroll solutions.
- ADP added that it is "building AI into the very core" of how it "orchestrate[s], govern[s] and execute[s] HR and pay processes," and says AI is adding complexity that makes its workforce infrastructure expertise more valuable.
- The strategy section now emphasizes "AI-enabled" HCM technology and says ADP Assist agents were expanded across payroll, benefits, HR, and compliance to nearly all of its more than 1.1 million clients.
- The company also updated its leadership language from developing "executives" to developing "leaders," a minor wording shift with no clear change in substance.
Watch Items
- The new AI positioning suggests management sees artificial intelligence as a core product and sales driver, not just an efficiency tool.
- Broader deployment of ADP Assist across the client base could support retention and cross-sell if customers adopt the new workflow tools.
- The filing frames ADP’s scale and compliance expertise as a defense against AI-driven disruption, which matters for competitive positioning in HCM.
Important Filing Changes
We see tremendous opportunity ahead as we focus on our three key Strategic Priorities: Leading with Best-in-Class HCM technology, Providing Unmatched Expertise and Outsourcing Solutions, and Leveraging our Global Scale for the Benefit of our Clients. During fiscal 2025, we continued to make meaningful progress on our Strategic Priorities. We launched ADP Lyric HCM, an all-in-one solution designed to address workplace challenges with personalized experiences that meet client needs.
We see tremendous opportunity ahead as we focus on our three key Strategic Priorities: Leading with Best-in-Class HCM technology, Providing Unmatched Expertise and Outsourcing Solutions, and Leveraging our Global Scale for the Benefit of our Clients. During fiscal 2026, we made meaningful progress on our Strategic Priorities. We continued to leverage our data advantages, domain expertise, and trusted brand to lead the HCM industry’s AI transformation.
Highly liquid investment securities with a maturity of ninety days or less at the time of purchase are considered cash equivalents. The fair value of our cash and cash equivalents approximates carrying value. Corporate Investments and Funds Held for Clients.
During fiscal 2026, we made meaningful progress on our Strategic Priorities. We continued to leverage our data advantages, domain expertise, and trusted brand to lead the HCM industry’s AI transformation. ADP Assist became increasingly embedded in our clients’ workflows, delivering meaningful time savings and improved accuracy.
Business CORPORATE BACKGROUND General In 1949, our founders established ADP with a simple, innovative idea: help clients focus on their business by solving their payroll challenges. In the more than 75 years since, we have shaped the world of work with innovation and expertise, transforming Human Capital Management (“HCM”) from an administrative challenge to a strategic business advantage. We continuously aim to solve complex business challenges for our clients and their workers, helping them work smarter today so they can have more success tomorrow.
Business CORPORATE BACKGROUND General In 1949, our founders established ADP with a simple, innovative idea: help clients focus on their business by solving their payroll challenges. In the 77 years since, we have led the Human Capital Management (“HCM”) industry in innovation. We were the first in HCM to deliver automation, move to the cloud, provide a mobile app, and create an online marketplace.
Stride, Inc.
| Rank | 3 |
|---|---|
| Lowest similarity section | Risk Factors |
| Assessment | medium |
| SEC filings | 2026 10-K HTML/iXBRL (SEC page, raw text) | 2025 10-K HTML/iXBRL (SEC page, raw text) |
Stride’s 10-K adds a new $500 million share repurchase authorization and expands its tax-risk discussion around buybacks and recent federal tax law changes. The company also more explicitly warns that future financing could be dilutive if it needs outside capital. Overall, the filing points to a stronger capital-return posture, but with added tax and funding caveats.
Main Changes
- Risk factors now say the company may need to raise capital to fund growth, and that financing may be unavailable on acceptable terms and could be dilutive to existing stockholders.
- The tax-risk disclosure was expanded to say stock repurchases may trigger a new U.S. excise tax, with the company warning that changes in the amount or frequency of buybacks could increase tax obligations and cash taxes.
- The filing adds a specific reference to the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, saying the law created uncertainty in Stride’s tax position and had an immediate net impact in fiscal 2026.
- MD&A adds that on November 3, 2025 the board authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $500 million through October 31, 2026.
Watch Items
- The new buyback authorization signals management sees the stock as attractive and has excess cash, but it also raises the chance of larger cash outflows.
- The added tax language suggests repurchases could become more expensive, which matters if the company leans into capital returns.
- The capital-raising disclosure is a reminder that growth, acquisitions, or policy shifts could still require external funding if cash generation weakens.
Important Filing Changes
The summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full risk factor discussion immediately following this summary description. Risks Related to Government Funding and Regulation of Public Education The majority of our revenues come from our comprehensive school-as-a-service offering in both the General Education and Career Learning markets and depends on per pupil funding amounts and payment formulas remaining near the levels existing at the time we execute service agreements with the schools we serve. If those funding levels or formulas are materially reduced or modified due to economic conditions or political opposition, or new restrictions are adopted or payments delayed, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.
The summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full risk factor discussion immediately following this summary description. Risks Related to Government Funding and Regulation of Public Education The majority of our revenues come from our comprehensive school-as-a-service offering in both the General Education and Career Learning markets and depend on per pupil funding amounts and payment formulas remaining near the levels existing at the time we execute service agreements with the schools we serve. If those funding levels or formulas are materially reduced or modified due to economic conditions or political opposition, or new restrictions are adopted or payments delayed, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.
Our business is primarily dependent upon those funds with a majority of our revenue coming from our comprehensive school-as-a-service offerings in both the General Education and Career Learning markets. Budget appropriations for education at all levels of government are determined through a legislative process that may be affected by negative views of for-profit education companies, recessionary conditions in the economy at large, or significant declines in public school funding. The results of federal and state elections can also result in shifts in education policy and the amount of funding available for various education programs.
Our business is primarily dependent upon those funds with a majority of our revenue coming from our comprehensive school-as-a-service offerings in both the General Education and Career Learning markets. Budget appropriations for education at all levels of government are determined through a legislative and/or regulatory process that may be adversely affected by various factors, including negative views of for-profit education companies or of virtual education, recessionary conditions in the economy at large, disagreements regarding curriculum, or significant declines in public school funding. The results of federal and state elections can also result in shifts in education policy and the amount of funding available for various education programs.
These Adult Learning brands deliver training in software engineering and allied healthcare to consumers and enterprises. We generate a significant portion of our revenues from the sale of curriculum, administration support and technology services to virtual and blended public schools. The amount of revenue generated from these contracts is impacted largely by the number of enrollments, the mix of enrollments across grades and states, state or district per student funding levels and attendance requirement, among other items. The average duration of the agreements for our school-as-a-service offering is greater than five years, and most provide for automatic renewals absent a customer notification within a negotiated time frame. The two key financial metrics that we use to assess financial performance are revenues and operating income.
These Adult Learning brands deliver training in software engineering and allied healthcare to consumers and enterprises. We generate a significant portion of our revenues from the sale of curriculum, administration support and technology services to virtual and blended public schools. The amount of revenue generated from these contracts is impacted largely by the number of enrollments, the mix of enrollments across grades and states, state or district per student funding levels and attendance requirements, among other items. The two key financial metrics that we use to assess financial performance are revenues and operating income. During the year ended June 30, 2026, revenues increased to $2,518.1 million from $2,405.3 million in the prior year, an increase of 4.7%.
Why SEC Filing Changes Matter
Research by Cohen et al. (Lazy Prices, 2020) — using the complete history of SEC filings from 1995 to 2014 — shows that when firms make active changes to their annual disclosures, those changes convey an important signal about future operations and returns. A portfolio that shorted "changers" and bought "non-changers" earned over 22% per year in annual alpha historically. Changes to the Risk Factors section, Business description, and language referring to the executive team were especially informative. Critically, these returns accrued gradually as information was later revealed through news and earnings — not at the time of filing — suggesting many investors remain inattentive to these simple, public signals. This snapshot is a starting point for deeper investigation, not a buy or sell recommendation.
For more like this, see the full SEC What Changed archive, browse more equity research reports, or subscribe to Quantitative Research Notes for new filing-change alerts as soon as they publish.

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